PRESERVING BROOKLYN HISTORY

Lenapehoking

Brooklyn occupies the ancestral homelands of the Lenape people who were forcibly removed from their land by theft, coercion, and war.

Prior to European occupation, the Lenape stewarded this land using an intricate system of kinship, regenerative agriculture, and land use structures with neighboring people.

We acknowledge the Lenape nation and their tribal governments, as well as their ability to reclaim and recount their own histories and assert their right to return to their homelands.

  • 1510: Spanish colonizers settle in Bolivia and attempt to enslave Indigenous populations. After these attempts fail due to disease and revolt, the Spanish monarchs buy 250 Africans in Lisbon, Portugal and send them to the Americas in one of the first large shipments of enslaved people to the hemisphere.

    Other European powers follow suit, eventually continuing their global expansion to North America.

  • 1613: Jan Rodrigues arrives and stays on Lenapehoking. See a brief profile under “People”

    1626: First 16 enslaved Africans were captured from Spanish vessers and sold to the Dutch West India Company’s outpost on Lenapehoking.

    1655: 391 enslaved Africans brought to New York from Loango (West Central Africa).

  • By the end of the 1700s, Brooklyn was 1/3 Black and 7/10 Dutch settlers held at least one enslaved person.

    Brooklyn had the second highest concentration of Black people second only to Charleston, South Carolina.

    1799: Gradual abolition is passed due to a variety of factors including the fear of uprising, the decline of agriculture as the United States expands, and more lucrative banking and manufacturing industries.

  • 1827: Slavery is abolished legally, however slave grown goods still fuel the New York economy.

    Manufacturing, shipping, and storage of tobacco, sugar, and cotton lead former enslavers to sell agricultural land.

    Land speculation replaces legal slavery and an illegal trade in enslaved humans grows until the national abolition of slavery in 1865.

    Images: Two women from Madagascar (one of the largest ethnicities represented among enslaved people from 1600 to 1800) and a man on the Vanderveer farm in Flatbush.

African Presence

People

  • Jan Rodrigues

    Known as the first non-Indigenous resident on Lenapehoking, Jan was born to an African mother and Portuguese father.

    in 1613, after a dispute with the captain aboard The Jonge Tobias, Jan was left behind on Lenapehoking with a cache of goods. He eventually marries a woman of the Rockaway people and blends into their society.

    Image generated by Mid-Journey AI

  • Eve Voorhies

    Eve was an enslaved woman who is buried at the Flatbush African Burial Ground. She was born in 1700 and lived to be 110 years old. She had 4 enslavers, and we know of the last two - Lawrence Ditmas and Lawrence Voorhees.

    Her last known residence would have been along Flatbush Avenue near Avenue D. Her obituary was published in March 1810 in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle.

  • Sarah Hicks

    Sarah’s short biography is located in the back of a book entitled “A Historical Sketch of the Zabriskie Homestead”, which would have been located at the corner of Church and Flatbush, across from the Dutch Reformed Church.

    She was born in 1785, which would have made her 96 years old when she was interviewed. Her twin sister Phyllis was buried at the Flatbush African Burial Ground, where Sarah visited her sister regularly.

  • Samuel Anderson

    Samuel was born either in 1810 or 1813 at the Zabriskie homestead, about 25 years after Sarah was born. We’re not sure of their family relationship. He was interviewed in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle under the title “The Last Slave in Flatbush”.

    Samuel was a preacher and also one of the first investors in Weeskville - a free Black settlement in what is now known as Bedford Stuyvesant and Crown Heights.

  • Isaac Lefferts

    Isaac Lefferts self-emancipated himself and his wife Betsey along with their 3 children. He was originally enslaved in Red Hook and negotiated his sale to be closer to his wife and children who were enslaved by the Martense family.

    Three months after his sale, he escapes with his wife and 3 children. It is not known where they went but it is likely they blended in with either Shinnecock or Matinecock indigenous people on Long Island.

See the sources